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Manchester United

Selasa, 09 September 2014

                               ....Kasus Sipadan dan Ligitan....

S    Sengketa Sipadan dan Ligitan adalah persengketaan Indonesia dan Malaysia atas pemilikan terhadap kedua pulau yang berada di Selat Makassar yaitu pulau Sipadan (luas: 50.000 meter²) dengan koordinat:  4°6′52,86″LU 118°37′43,52″BT dan pulau Ligitan (luas: 18.000 meter²) dengan koordinat:  4°9′LU 118°53′BT. Sikap Indonesia semula ingin membawa masalah ini melalui Dewan Tinggi ASEAN namun akhirnya sepakat untuk menyelesaikan sengketa ini melalui jalur hukumMahkamah Internasional.

Kronologi Sengketa Sipadan dan Ligitan
Persengketaan antara Indonesia dengan Malaysia, mencuat pada tahun 1967 ketika dalam pertemuan teknis hukum laut antara kedua negara, masing-masing negara ternyata memasukkan pulau Sipadan dan pulau Ligitan ke dalam batas-batas wilayahnya. Kedua negara lalu sepakat agar Sipadan dan Ligitan dinyatakan dalam keadaan status status quo akan tetapi ternyata pengertian ini berbeda. Pihak Malaysia membangun resor parawisata baru yang dikelola pihak swasta Malaysia karena Malaysia memahami status quo sebagai tetap berada di bawah Malaysia sampai persengketaan selesai, sedangkan pihak Indonesia mengartikan bahwa dalam status ini berarti status kedua pulau tadi tidak boleh ditempati/diduduki sampai persoalan atas kepemilikan dua pulau ini selesai. Sedangkan Malaysia malah membangun resort di sana SIPADAN dan Ligitan tiba-tiba menjadi berita, awal bulan lalu. Ini, gara-gara di dua pulau kecil yang terletak di Laut Sulawesi itu dibangun cottage. Di atas Sipadan, pulau yang luasnya hanya 4 km2 itu, kini, siap menanti wisatawan. Pengusaha Malaysia telah menambah jumlah penginapan menjadi hampir 20 buah. Dari jumlahnya, fasilitas pariwisata itu memang belum bisa disebut memadai. Tapi pemerintah Indonesia, yang juga merasa memiliki pulau-pulau itu, segera mengirim protes ke Kuala Lumpur, minta agar pembangunan di sana disetop dahulu. Alasannya, Sipadan dan Ligitan itu masih dalam sengketa, belum diputus siapa pemiliknya.Pada tahun 1969 pihak Malaysia secara sepihak memasukkan kedua pulau tersebut ke dalam peta nasionalnya. Pada tahun 1976, Traktat Persahabatan dan Kerja Sama di Asia Tenggara atau TAC (Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia) dalam KTT pertama ASEANdi pulau Bali ini antara lain menyebutkan bahwa akan membentuk Dewan Tinggi ASEAN untuk menyelesaikan perselisihan yang terjadi di antara sesama anggota ASEAN akan tetapi pihak Malaysia menolak beralasan karena terlibat pula sengketa dengan Singapura untuk klaim pulau Batu Puteh, sengketa kepemilikan Sabahdengan Filipina serta sengketa kepulauan Spratley di Laut Cina Selatan dengan Brunei Darussalam, Filipina, Vietnam, Cina, dan Taiwan. Pihak Malaysia pada tahun 1991 lalu menempatkan sepasukan polisi hutan (setara Brimob) melakukan pengusiran semua warga negara Indonesia serta meminta pihak Indonesia untuk mencabut klaim atas kedua pulau.
Sikap pihak Indonesia yang ingin membawa masalah ini melalui Dewan Tinggi ASEAN dan selalu menolak membawa masalah ini ke ICJ kemudian melunak. Dalam kunjungannya ke Kuala Lumpur pada tanggal 7 Oktober 1996, Presiden Soeharto akhirnya menyetujui usulan PM Mahathir tersebut yang pernah diusulkan pula oleh Mensesneg Moerdiono dan Wakil PM Anwar Ibrahim, dibuatkan kesepakatan "Final and Binding," pada tanggal 31 Mei 1997, kedua negara menandatangani persetujuan tersebut. Indonesia meratifikasi pada tanggal 29 Desember 1997 dengan Keppres Nomor 49 Tahun 1997 demikian pula Malaysia meratifikasi pada 19 November 1997.



Kamis, 06 Maret 2014

Cara Edit Foto - Mengabadikan setiap momen biasanya dilakukan dengan cara memotret atau merekam momen yang sedang berlangsung. Baik anak-anak maupun orang dewasa tentu saja gemar sekali berfoto, baik berfoto sendiri atau selfie dan bersama teman atau keluarga. Terlebih lagi saat ini sudah sangat mudah berfoto melalui kamera handphone maupun kamera SLR. Namun rasanya kurang jika foto yang telah anda potret memiliki efek natural yang biasa saja. Maka tidak heran jika saat ini kebanyakan orang ingin mengedit foto mereka agar tampilan lebih menarik. Mengedit foto juga merupakan hal yang menyenangkan, karena anda bisa memanipulasi foto dengan beragam filter yang tersedia dari aplikasi edit foto yang kini sudah banyak beragam.

Cara Edit Foto


Saat ini telah banyak Aplikasi Situs Edit Foto Online yang mudah di akses di smartphone, tablet maupun PC. Umumnya aplikasi edit foto yang tersedia menyediakan Cara Edit Fotoyang lebih mudah dibandingkan dengan aplikasi foto seperti Adobe Photoshop, karena memerlukan sebuah keterampilan untuk mengedit foto. Dalam aplikasi edit foto tersebut juga biasanya memiliki ragam filter dan effect yang dapat digunakan untuk membuat tampilan foto menjadi lebih menarik, bahkan bisa menyamarkan noda hitam atau wajah kusam anda ketika di foto.

Cara Edit Foto


Mungkin yang anda ketahui aplikasi edit foto yang populer di smartphone adalah Instagram, padahal masih banyak Aplikasi Edit Foto yang bisa anda coba. Pada kesempatan kali ini Garismiring.com akan memberikan informasi Cara Edit Foto Online yang bisa menjadi rekomendasi untuk anda yang gemar berfoto dan mengedit foto, seperti berikut:

Pixlr-o-matic dan Express (http://pixlr.com/o-matic/)

Untuk anda yang sudah tidak asing dengan aplikasi edit foto Instagram yang memiliki banyak pilihan filter dan effect, saat ini sudah tersedia di internet dengan aplikasi edit foto yang tidak kalah menarik, yakni Pixlr-o-matic yang dapat membuat foto anda diubah dengan banyak pilihan tekstur, filter, frame dan tidak jauh dengan effect yang ada dalam aplikasi Instagram. Cara mengoperasikan aplikasi ini juga sangat mudah, dan tersedia untuk PC maupun smartphone/tablet.

PicYou (http://picyou.com/)

Jika aplikasi Instagram dapat terhubung dengan jejaring sosial, dalam aplikasi edit foto PicYou pun tidak jauh berbeda halnya dengan aplikasi Instagram. Dalam aplikasi PicYou menyediakan beberapa filter vintage yang menarik dan dapat langsung terhubung dengan jejaring sosial, sehingga foto yang telah anda edit dapat di upload langsung ke situs jejaring sosial milik anda. Untuk menggunakan aplikasi ini, anda harus login terlebih dahulu, bisa dengan menggunakan akun Facebook maupun Twitter, serta cara mengoperasikannya sangatlah mudah.

ImageChef (www.imagechef.com)

Jika anda senang mengedit foto dengan beberapa template yang unik dan lucu, anda mungkin bisa mencoba aplikasi edit foto ImageChef, karena dalam aplikasi ini menyediakan banyak pilihan template yang dapat anda gunakan untuk membuat tampilan foto semakin menarik.

Rollip (http://www.rollip.com/)

Aplikasi ini tidak jauh berbeda dengan aplikasi PicYou. Dalam aplikasi edit foto Rollip ini anda dapat mengedit foto dengan filter bergaya vintage dan beberapa efek foto, border maupun text yang dapat digunakan untuk menambah keunikan foto yang anda edit. Setelah selesai meng-edit foto, anda pun bisa langsung berbagi ke jejaring sosial.

PicMonkey (http://www.picmonkey.com/)

Aplikasi edit foto PicMonkey menyediakan banyak pilihan efek seperti Warhol, Lomo, HDR, Sepia dan Cross Process. Editan foto yang tersedia pada aplikasi ini tidak jauh berbeda dengan editan foto yang ada pada aplikasi Instagram.

Minggu, 02 Februari 2014

IMPERATIVE


Definition: Imperatives are verbs used to give orders, commands,warning or instructions, and (if you use "please") to make a request. It is one of the three moods of an English verb (indicative, imperative and subjunctive).
For example:
  • Give me that tape, please.

To make the imperative, use the infinitive of the verb without "to"
For example:

  • Come here!
  • Sit down!

To make a negative imperative, put "do not" or "don't" before the verb:
For example:
  • Don't go!
  • Do not walk on the grass.

You can also use "let's" before the verb if you are including yourself in the imperative. The negative of "let's" is "let's not".
For example:
  • Let's stop now.
  • Let's have some lunch.
  • Let's not argue
  • Let's not tell her about it.

Orders
Adults do not usually give each other orders, unless they are in a position of authority. However, adults can give orders to children and to animals. The intonation of an order is important: each word is stressed, and the tone falls at the end of the sentence:
For example:
  • Sit down now!
    * "Sit", "down" and "now" are all stressed, and the tone falls on "now".

Warnings
You can use the imperative to warn someone of danger. All the words in the warning are stressed, but the last word has a higher tone than the first word:
For example:
  • Sit down now!
    * "Sit", "down" and "now" are all stressed, and the tone falls on "now".
  • Watch out!
  • Look out!
  • Don't cross!

Advice
When you give advice using the imperative, the words are stressed normally.
For example:
  • Don't tell him you're resigning now! Wait until Monday when he's in a better mood.
  • Don't drink alcohol
  • Don't eat heavy meals

Requests
You can also use the imperative to make a request, but you should use a polite word before the verb:
For example:
  • Please take a seat.
  • Please wait here.
  • Please hold the line.
  • Please don't smoke here.

Notes:
Note that an imperative sentence does not require a subject; the pronoun "you" is implied.
Degrees of Comparison

 are used when we compare one person or one thing with another. 

There are three Degrees of Comparison in English. 

They are: 

1. Positive degree. 

2. Comparative degree. 

3. Superlative degree. 

Let us see all of them one by one. 

1.Positive degree. 

When we speak about only one person or thing, We use the Positive degree. 

Examples: 

• This house is big. 

In this sentence only one noun “The house” is talked about. 

• He is a tall student. 

• This flower is beautiful. 

• He is an intelligent boy. 

Each sentence mentioned above talks about only one noun. 

The second one in the Degrees of Comparison is...
2.Comparative degree.

When we compare two persons or two things with each other,

We use both the Positive degree and Comparative degree.

Examples:

a. This house is bigger than that one. (Comparative degree)

This house is not as big as that one. (Positive degree)

The term “bigger” is comparative version of the term “big”.

Both these sentences convey the same meaning.
b. This flower is more beautiful than that. (Comparative)

This flower is not as beautiful as that. (Positive)

The term “more beautiful” is comparative version of the term “beautiful”.

Both these sentences convey the same meaning.
c. He is more intelligent than this boy. (Comparative)

He is not as intelligent as this boy. (Positive)
The term “more intelligent” is comparative version of the term “intelligent”.

Both these sentences convey the same meaning.
d. He is taller than Mr. Hulas. (Comparative)

He is not as tall as Mr. Hulas. (Positive)
The term “taller” is comparative version of the term “tall”.

Both these sentences convey the same meaning.


When we compare more than two persons or things with one another, 

We use all the three Positive, Comparative and Superlative degrees. 

Examples: 

a. This is the biggest house in this street. (Superlative)

This house is bigger than any other house in this street. (Comparative)

No other house in this street is as big as this one. (Positive)
The term “biggest” is the superlative version of the term “big”.

All the three sentences mean the same meaning.
b. This flower is the most beautiful one in this garden. (Superlative)

This flower is more beautiful than any other flower in this garden. (Comparative)

No other flower in this garden is as beautiful as this one. (Comparative)
The term “most beautiful” is the superlative version of the term “beautiful”.

All the three sentences mean the same meaning.

c. He is the most intelligent in this class. (Superlative)

He is more intelligent than other boys in the class. (Comparative)

No other boy is as intelligent as this boy. (Positive)
The term “most intelligent” is superlative version of the term “intelligent”.

Both these sentences convey the same meaning.
d. He is the tallest student in this class. (Superlative)

He is taller than other students in this class. (Comparative)

No other student is as tall as this student. (Positive)
The term “tallest” is superlative version of the term “tall”.


*Degrees of Comparison are applicable only to Adjectives and Adverbs*
*Nouns and verbs do not have degrees of comparisons*
He is the tallest student in the class.

The term “tallest” is an adjective.

Among the members of the group, Mr. Clinton speaks most effectively.
The term “effectively” is an adverb.
All the terms used in the above-examples are either adjectives or adverbs.

We have seen all the three Degrees of Comparison.

Let us see their models.
Model -1: “The best”:

Examples:

i. This is the best hotel in this area.
No other hotel is as better as this on in this area.
No other hotel is as good as this one in this area.
ii. Unemployment is the most serious problem facing our country.

Unemployment is more serious than any other problem facing our country.
No other problem facing our country is as serious as unemployment.
Model-2: “One of the best”:

Examples:
i. Calcutta is one of the largest cities in India.
Calcutta is large than most other cities in India.

Very few cities in India are as large as Calcutta.
ii. Satin Tendulkar is one of the best batsmen in the world.
Satin Tendulkar is better than most other batsmen in the world.
No other batman in the world is as good as Satin Tendulkar.
Model-3: “Not the best”:

Examples:

i. This is not the best solution to the problem.

ii. This is not better than few other solutions to this problem.

iii. Other solutions to this problem are not as good as this one.
ii. New York is not the largest city in America.

New York is not bigger than many other cities in America.

Few other cities in America are at least as large as New York.
Few adjectives and adverbs get their Comparative forms by simply getting “more” before them.

And their superlative terms, by getting “most” before them.

Examples:
Beautiful..........more beautiful..........most beautiful
Effective……….more effective………most effective
Effectively………more effectively……….most effectively
Enjoyable………….more enjoyable……….most enjoyable
Useful……………….more useful………..most useful
Different………..more different…………most different
Honest………..more honest…………..most honest
Qualified…………more qualified…………most qualified
Few adjectives and adverbs get their Comparative forms by simply getting “er” after them and their superlative terms, by getting “est” after them.

Examples:

Hard……………..harder……………..hardest

Big……………….bigger…………….biggest
Tall……………..taller……………tallest
Long………………longer………………longest
Short……………..shorter……………….shortest
Costly…………………costlier……………costliest
Simple………………….simpler………….simplest

Degrees of Comparison add beauty and varieties to the sentences. 
Comparing the convincing and persuading papers
As students get further into portfolio 2, they often have questions about how best to divide material into their convincing and persuading papers. I provide two kinds of comparisons below depending on whether your papers tackle an issue or a problem and solution. ALWAYS KEEP IN MIND YOUR OVERALL GOAL AND YOUR SPECIFIC TARGET AUDIENCE FOR EACH PAPER.
Paired papers on an issue
Convincing

Aims for readers to agree with your point of view
Readers are typically slightly opposed, uninformed, or ambivalent about your point of view at the beginning of your paper.







Development will include the key objections opponents would have to your point of view and rebuttal of those objections.
Persuading
Aims to move readers to act on the issue
Readers are typically still neutral or slightly leaning toward your point of view.
(Usually, you will be much less successful convincing an audience of the unequivocally opposed or the uninformed because you have to convince them before you can persuade them. Don't write to the wildly enthusiastic because then you're preaching to the choir.)
Development will include appropriate appeals based on your detailed audience analysis as well as some of the logical arguments you use in the convincing paper.
Paired papers on a problem/solution
Convincing
Aims for readers to see the problem as you see it
Readers are typically slightly opposed, uninformed, or ambivalent about your view of the problem at the beginning of your paper.
Development will include the key objections opponents would have to your view of the problem and rebuttal of those objections as well as your reasons for stating the problem as you do.
PersuadingAims to move readers to act on your proposed solution
Readers are willing to accept your statement of the problem but have not yet settled on the best solution as they begin your paper.
Development will include
· a sketch of the problem (just to set the context)
· appropriate appeals based on your detailed audience analysis
· logical arguments for your solution
· key objections opponents would have to your solution and rebuttal of those objections
OR key arguments in favor of alternative solutions and your argument about why your solution is better
Students often have more trouble seeing how to divide material for an issue topic. For instance, suppose you want to focus on this issue-should states be able to sue handgun manufacturers to recover health care costs related to gunshot wounds? The convincing paper will argue for readers to agree with the writer’s position. The persuading paper could be targeted to legislators (to write new law allowing/disallowing the suits), to citizens (to lobby for or against such suits), or to the appellate courts (to decide the suits in a specific way).
Some crime and punishment topics students have written on in the past
Problem/solution papers (localized for CSU or Larimer County)

campus crime
date rape
binge drinking
underage possession of cigarettes
spousal abuse
Issue papers

hate crime legislation
maintaining penalties under the Endangered Species Act

Obligation and necessity

Main points

* You use `have to', `must', and `mustn't' to talk about obligation and necessity in the present and future.

* You use `had to' to talk about obligation and necessity in the past.

* You use the auxiliary `do' with `have to' to make questions.

* You use `have got to' in informal English.

1 When you want to say that someone has an obligation to do something, or that it is necessary for them to do it, you use `must' or `have to'. 

You must come to the meeting tomorrow.
The plants must have plenty of sunshine.
I enjoy parties, unless I have to make a speech.
He has to travel to find work.

2 There is sometimes a difference between `must' and `have to'. When you are stating your own opinion that something is an obligation or a necessity, you normally use `must'.

I must be very careful not to upset him.
We must eat before we go.
He must stop working so hard.

When you are giving information about what someone else considers to be an obligation or a necessity, you normally use `have to'.

They have to pay the bill by Thursday.
She has to go now.

Note that you normally use `have to' for things that happen repeatedly, especially with adverbs of frequency such as `often', `always', and `regularly'.

I always have to do the shopping.
You often have to wait a long time for a bus.

3 You use `must not' or `mustn't' to say that it is important that something is not done or does not happen.
You must not talk about politics.

They mustn't find out that I came here.

Note that `must not' does not mean the same as `not have to'. If you `must not' do something, it is important that you do not do it.

If you `do not have to' do something, it is not necessary for you to do it, but you can do it if you want.

WARNING: You only use `must' for obligation and necessity in the present and the future. When you want to talk about obligation and necessity in the past, you use `had to' rather than `must'.

She had to catch the six o'clock train.
I had to wear a suit.

4 You use `do', `does', or `did' when you want to make a question using `have to' and `not have to'.

How often do you have to buy petrol for the car?
Does he have to take so long to get ready?
What did you have to do?
Don't you have to be there at one o'clock?

WARNING: You do not normally form questions like these by putting a form of `have' before the subject. For example, you do not normally say `How often have you to buy petrol?'

5 In informal English, you can use `have got to' instead of `have to'.
You've just got to make sure you tell him.

She's got to see the doctor.
Have you got to go so soon?

WARNING: You normally use `had to', not `had got to', for the past.

He had to know.
I had to lend him some money.

6 You can only use `have to', not `must', if you are using another modal, or if you want to use an `-ing' form, a past participle, or a `to'-infinitive.

They may have to be paid by cheque.
She grumbled a lot about having to stay abroad.
I would have had to go through London.
He doesn't like to have to do the same job every day.

* You use `need to' to talk about necessity.

* You use `don't have to', `don't need to', `haven't got to', or `needn't' to say that it is not necessary to do something.

* You use `needn't' to give someone permission not to do something.

* You use `need not have', `needn't have', `didn't need to', or `didn't have to' to say that it was not necessary to do something in the past.

7 You can use `need to' to talk about the necessity of doing something.
You might need to see a doctor.
A number of questions need to be asked.

8 You use `don't have to' when there is no obligation or necessity to do something.
Many women don't have to work.

You don't have to learn any new typing skills.

You can also use `don't need to', `haven't got to', or `needn't' to say that there is no obligation or necessity to do something.

You don't need to buy anything.
I haven't got to go to work today.
I can pick John up. You needn't bother.

9 You also use `needn't' when you are giving someone permission not to do something.
You needn't say anything if you don't want to.
You needn't stay any longer tonight.

10 You use `need not have' or `needn't have' and a past participle to say that someone did something which was not necessary. You are often implying that the person did not know at the time that their action was not necessary.
I needn't have waited until the game began.
Nell needn't have worked.
They needn't have worried about Reagan.

11 You use `didn't need to' to say that something was not necessary, and that it was known at the time that the action was not necessary. You do not know if the action was done, unless you are given more information.
They didn't need to talk about it.
I didn't need to worry.

12 You also use `didn't have to' to say that it was not necessary to do something.
He didn't have to speak.
Bill and I didn't have to pay.

13 You cannot use `must' to refer to the past, so when you want to say that it was important that something did not happen or was not done, you use other expressions.

You can say `It was important not to', or use phrases like `had to make sure' or `had to make certain' in a negative sentence.
It was important not to take the game too seriously.
It was necessary that no one was aware of being watched.
You had to make sure that you didn't spend too much.
We had to do our best to make certain that it wasn't out of date.

Asking and Giving Suggestion

asking and giving suggestion
     Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari kita akan menghadapi banyak masalah yang bervariasi. Terkadang kita tidak dapat menyelesaikan masalah kita sendiri sehingga kita membutuhkan saran dari orang lain. Orang Indonesia mudah saja minta saran kepada orang lain dengan bahasa Indonesia. Terus bagaimana di bahasa Inggris?

     Dalam bahasa Inggris dikenal asking and giving suggestionAsking and giving suggestionadalah cara orang untuk mengexpresikan saran dalam bahasa Inggris.
    
     Asking suggestion (meminta saran) adalah cara seseorang menanyakan saran dalam bahasa Inggris ketika mempunyai masalah.  Asking suggestion berupa pertanyaan.


       Contoh Asking Suggestion:
  • Do you have any ideas?
  • Can you give me any suggestions to solve my problem?
  •  What should i do?
  • Would you mind giving me any suggestions?
  • Would you like to give me any advices?
    Giving suggestion (memberi saran) adalah cara seseorang memberikan saran kepada orang lain dalam bahasa Inggris. Giving suggestion biasanya berupa kalimat.

       Contoh giving suggestion: 
  • I suggest you to + verb 1 (I suggest you to go to doctor.)
  • I advice you to + verb 1 (I advice you to breakfast before going to school.)
  • You should + verb 1 (You should download greenday song.)
      Contoh dialog yang menggunakan asking and giving suggestion:
A: I have a task from my teacher. I must search a song in English. Do you have any ideas?
B: It's okay. Let search in internet.
A: I know, but what song must download?
B: Greenday song in DOS album. That must be great.
A: That's a good idea. Thanks for your advice.
B: Never mind.
DESCRIBING PROCESSES
A – Data bank of words and patterns
    1 – a/ it enables / allows me/ the user/ the system to + V b/ it makes it possible to + V c/ it provides (something) d/ it provides me / the user / the system with ( something) e/ it ensures ( something).; it ensures that + subject + verb
    Examples:
    a/ the three-speed motor of the windscreen wipers allows / enables the driver to adjust the speed to the intensity of the rain
    b/ the three-speed motor of the windscreen wipers makes it possible to adjust the speed…
    c/ rear and side mirrors provide rear views of the traffic
    d/ rear and side mirrors provide the driver with views of the traffic behind him
    e/The radiator ensures efficient cooling of the engine; it ensures that the engine is efficiently cooled down

    2 – It is meant to + V – it is used for + V-ING – the purpose of X is to + V
    Examples: headlights are meant to produce enough light to be able to see the road at night – headlights are used for producing enough light … - the purpose of headlights is to produce enough light…
    3 a/ First; next; after that; at this stage; later; finally b/ when, after, before + V-ING
    c/ when, after, before, once + I / the user / the system does

    Examples:
    b/ after detecting the fault, you (will) call the maintenance team.- before calling the maintenance team you should try to detect the fault yourself.
    c/ after you detect the fault, you ( will) call the maintenance team – before you call the maintenance team you should try to detect the fault yourself.

    4 – by means of + noun– thanks to + noun – through – by +V-ING
    Examples:
    Accurate measurements with a reading n accuracy of 0.01mm can be made by means of a micrometer calliper - accurate measurements of external diameter and of thickness can be achieved by using a micrometer calliper.
     

    5 – Use of passive. (This avoids mentioning WHO does the action when such information is not necessary.)
    Examples:
    We can treat thermoplastics several times >>> thermoplasticscan be treated several times.
    IN order to solder a transistor into a printed circuit board, the technician heats and applies solder to both leads, then he allows the soldered joints to cool >>> In order to solder a transistor into a printed circuit board, solder is heated and applied to both leads, then the soldered joints are allowed to cool.

     
B – Exercises
    1 – Express use and means
    a/ Read this text about barometers and pick up all the phrases that you have just studied.
    A barometer is a device that allows the user to estimate what the weather will be. But in fact, it is used for measuring atmospheric pressure: a metal capsule containing air at low pressure is squeezed by an increase in outside pressure. The movements of the movable side of the capsule are registered by means of a spring that keeps an arm pressed against the capsule so that the arm can register a rise or fall in pressure and show it by moving on a dial.
    b/ Do the same to speak about a modem ; a scanner; a car battery. Use patterns A1, A2 and A4.
    2 – How to start your car.
    a/ Re-order the various steps
    - turn the ignition key;
    - engage the first gear;
    - look in the mirror;
    - accelerate slowly;
    - check that the gear lever is in neutral position;
    - declutch (= débrayez)
    - flash the indicator;
    - engage the clutch (embrayez)

    b/ Use pattern A3 to connect the sentences into a coherent set.
    3 – Use of passive
    Explain what has to be done to disengage the two panels.(Use the passive)
    4 – Coffee making
    Express the various steps of this industrial process using the phrases and patterns studied in A.
    A MANUFACTURING PROCESS – Coffee at Segafreddo
    DRYING
    WEIGHING
    TRANSPORT (conveyor belt)
    INITIAL CLEANING (to remove wood / stones / pebbles / metal)
    STORAGE (20 silos each containing 20 tons)
    BLENDING (selection of coffees to make different products)
    ROASTING (11 minbutes French roast, 14 minutes Italian roast)
    COOLING (cold air vlown through coffee)
    WEIGHING (16% volume most during roasting)
    FINAL CLEANING and STORAGE
    QUALITY CONTROL (colour, humidity, volume)
    GRINDING (1h30 for 2.5 tons of coffee for expresso – very fine; 1 hour for filter coffee)
    REMOVAL OF GAS (carbon gas released during roasting)
    PACKAGING (7 lines for 250g packets, line for individual sachets)
            HESSER 34 MACHINE -  >  Packet shaping

                                                   
    Source: placement report ( June 1999) of Raphaël Lucas - TS2 MAI student in Dieppe.

Sabtu, 18 Januari 2014

 Expressing Opinions

1.     Expressing Opinions: These terms are used to introduce an
opinion, either for or against:
I think……
I feel……..
I believe…….
As I see it……..
In my opinion…….
As far as I'm concerned……
My point of view is that…….
In my view……..
It seems to me that……..
I figure that…….
From my point of view…….

2.     Agreeing with an Opinion:
My view about this is positive.
I agree with this idea.
I agree completely with this idea.
I agree partially with this idea.
This idea is absolutely right.
This idea is partially right.
I couldn't agree more on this.
I think this idea is good.

3.     Disagreeing with an Opinion:
I think this idea is impossible/impractical/bad.
I think this idea is possible, but……
I think this idea cannot be implemented.
I don't agree with this idea.
I think it is a bad idea.
I'm not sure that I agree with this idea.
The project is feasible, but…….
(The Division of English for Science and Technology,
Chulalongkorn University Language Institute)
.
Source. http://pioneer.chula.ac.th/~pkanchan/html/opinion.htm

Use of Be used to


The be used to expression is for talking about something that is familiar to us or easy for us. For example:
  • am used to driving on the left.
It means that it is not a problem for me to drive on the left of the road. I am Japanese. In Japan, people drive on the left. Now I am living in the USA where people drive on the right. Of course, I drive on the right in the USA, but when I go to Japan it is easy for me to drive on the left because "I am used to it".
Look at these examples.
  • am used to hard work.
  • am used to working hard.
  • He is not used to New York.
  • He isn't used to living in New York.
  • Are you used to fast food?
  • Are you used to eating quickly?

Tenses

We can use be used to in any tense. We just conjugate the verb be in the tense that we need. Look at these examples:
  • When we lived in Bangkok, we were used to hot weather.
  • have been used to snakes for a long time.
  • You will soon be used to living alone.
Source. http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-m_used-be-used-to.htm

Coordinating Conjunctions

The simple, little conjunctions are called coordinating conjunctions

(It may help you remember these conjunctions by recalling that they all have fewer than four letters. Also, remember the acronym FANBOYS:For-And-Nor-But-Or-Yet-So. Be careful of the words then and now; neither is a coordinating conjunction, so what we say about coordinating conjunctions' roles in a sentence and punctuation does not apply to those two words.)

When a coordinating conjunction connects two independent clauses, it is often (but not always) accompanied by a comma:
  • Ulysses wants to play for UConn, but he has had trouble meeting the academic requirements.
When the two independent clauses connected by a coordinating conjunction are nicely balanced or brief, many writers will omit the comma:
  • Ulysses has a great jump shot but he isn't quick on his feet.
The comma is always correct when used to separate two independent clauses connected by a coordinating conjunction. See Punctuation Between Two Independent Clauses for further help.
A comma is also correct when and is used to attach the last item of a serial list, although many writers (especially in newspapers) will omit that final comma:
  • Ulysses spent his summer studying basic math, writing, and reading comprehension.
When a coordinating conjunction is used to connect all the elements in a series, a comma is not used:
  • Presbyterians and Methodists and Baptists are the prevalent Protestant congregations in Oklahoma.
A comma is also used with but when expressing a contrast:
  • This is a useful rule, but difficult to remember.
In most of their other roles as joiners (other than joining independent clauses, that is), coordinating conjunctions can join two sentence elements without the help of a comma.
  • Hemingway and Fitzgerald are among the American expatriates of the between-the-wars era.
  • Hemingway was renowned for his clear style and his insights into American notions of male identity.
  • It is hard to say whether Hemingway or Fitzgerald is the more interesting cultural icon of his day.
  • Although Hemingway is sometimes disparaged for his unpleasant portrayal of women and for his glorification of machismo, we nonetheless find some sympathetic, even heroic, female figures in his novels 
Among the coordinating conjunctions, the most common, of course, are andbut, and or. It might be helpful to explore the uses of these three little words. The examples below by no means exhaust the possible meanings of these conjunctions.
AND
  1. To suggest that one idea is chronologically sequential to another: "Tashonda sent in her applications and waited by the phone for a response."
  2. To suggest that one idea is the result of another: "Willie heard the weather report and promptly boarded up his house."
  3. To suggest that one idea is in contrast to another (frequently replaced by but in this usage): "Juanita is brilliant and Shalimar has a pleasant personality.
  4. To suggest an element of surprise (sometimes replaced by yet in this usage): "Hartford is a rich city and suffers from many symptoms of urban blight."
  5. To suggest that one clause is dependent upon another, conditionally (usually the first clause is an imperative): "Use your credit cards frequently and you'll soon find yourself deep in debt."top
  6. To suggest a kind of "comment" on the first clause: "Charlie became addicted to gambling — and that surprised no one who knew him."

BUT
  1. To suggest a contrast that is unexpected in light of the first clause: "Joey lost a fortune in the stock market, but he still seems able to live quite comfortably."
  2. To suggest in an affirmative sense what the first part of the sentence implied in a negative way (sometimes replaced by on the contrary): "The club never invested foolishly, but used the services of a sage investment counselor."
  3. To connect two ideas with the meaning of "with the exception of" (and then the second word takes over as subject): "Everybody butGoldenbreath is trying out for the team."
OR
  1. To suggest that only one possibility can be realized, excluding one or the other: "You can study hard for this exam or you can fail."
  2. To suggest the inclusive combination of alternatives: "We can broil chicken on the grill tonight, or we can just eat leftovers.
  3. To suggest a refinement of the first clause: "Smith College is the premier all-women's college in the country, or so it seems to most Smith College alumnae."
  4. To suggest a restatement or "correction" of the first part of the sentence: "There are no rattlesnakes in this canyon, or so our guide tells us."
  5. To suggest a negative condition: "The New Hampshire state motto is the rather grim "Live free or die."top
  6. To suggest a negative alternative without the use of an imperative (see use of and above): "They must approve his political styleor they wouldn't keep electing him mayor."
Authority used for this section on the uses of and, but, and orA University Grammar of English by Randolph Quirk and Sidney Greenbaum. Longman Group: Essex, England. 1993. Used with permission. Examples our own.
The Others . . .
The conjunction NOR is not extinct, but it is not used nearly as often as the other conjunctions, so it might feel a bit odd when nor does come up in conversation or writing. Its most common use is as the little brother in the correlative pair, neither-nor (see below):
  • He is neither sane nor brilliant.
  • That is neither what I said nor what I meant.
>It can be used with other negative expressions:
  • That is not what I meant to say, nor should you interpret my statement as an admission of guilt.
It is possible to use nor without a preceding negative element, but it is unusual and, to an extent, rather stuffy:
  • George's handshake is as good as any written contract, nor has he ever proven untrustworthy.
The word YET functions sometimes as an adverb and has several meanings: in addition ("yet another cause of trouble" or "a simple yet noble woman"), even ("yet more expensive"), still ("he is yet a novice"), eventually ("they may yet win"), and so soon as now ("he's not here yet"). It also functions as a coordinating conjunction meaning something like "nevertheless" or "but." The word yet seems to carry an element of distinctiveness thatbut can seldom register.
  • John plays basketball well, yet his favorite sport is badminton.
  • The visitors complained loudly about the heat, yet they continued to play golf every day.
In sentences such as the second one, above, the pronoun subject of the second clause ("they," in this case) is often left out. When that happens, the comma preceding the conjunction might also disappear: "The visitors complained loudly yet continued to play golf every day."
Yet is sometimes combined with other conjunctions, but or and. It would not be unusual to see and yet in sentences like the ones above. This usage is acceptable.
The word FOR is most often used as a preposition, of course, but it does serve, on rare occasions, as a coordinating conjunction. Some people regard the conjunction for as rather highfalutin and literary, and it does tend to add a bit of weightiness to the text. Beginning a sentence with the conjunction "for" is probably not a good idea, except when you're singing "For he's a jolly good fellow. "For" has serious sequential implications and in its use the order of thoughts is more important than it is, say, with because or since. Its function is to introduce the reason for the preceding clause:
  • John thought he had a good chance to get the job, for his father was on the company's board of trustees.
  • Most of the visitors were happy just sitting around in the shade, for it had been a long, dusty journey on the train.
Be careful of the conjunction SO. Sometimes it can connect two independent clauses along with a comma, but sometimes it can't. For instance, in this sentence,
  • Soto is not the only Olympic athlete in his family, so are his brother, sister, and his Uncle Chet.
where the word so means "as well" or "in addition," most careful writers would use a semicolon between the two independent clauses. In the following sentence, where so is acting like a minor-league "therefore," the conjunction and the comma are adequate to the task:
  • Soto has always been nervous in large gatherings, so it is no surprise that he avoids crowds of his adoring fans.
Sometimes, at the beginning of a sentence, so will act as a kind of summing up device or transition, and when it does, it is often set off from the rest of the sentence with a comma:
  • So, the sheriff peremptorily removed the child from the custody of his parents.
Source. http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/conjunctions.htm