Minggu, 23 Februari 2014
Minggu, 02 Februari 2014
IMPERATIVE
Definition: Imperatives are verbs used to give orders, commands,warning or instructions, and (if you use "please") to make a request. It is one of the three moods of an English verb (indicative, imperative and subjunctive).
For example:
To make the imperative, use the infinitive of the verb without "to"
For example:
To make a negative imperative, put "do not" or "don't" before the verb:
For example:
You can also use "let's" before the verb if you are including yourself in the imperative. The negative of "let's" is "let's not".
For example:
Orders
Adults do not usually give each other orders, unless they are in a position of authority. However, adults can give orders to children and to animals. The intonation of an order is important: each word is stressed, and the tone falls at the end of the sentence:
For example:
Warnings
You can use the imperative to warn someone of danger. All the words in the warning are stressed, but the last word has a higher tone than the first word:
For example:
Advice
When you give advice using the imperative, the words are stressed normally.
For example:
Requests
You can also use the imperative to make a request, but you should use a polite word before the verb:
For example:
Notes:
Note that an imperative sentence does not require a subject; the pronoun "you" is implied.
- Give me that tape, please.
To make the imperative, use the infinitive of the verb without "to"
For example:
- Come here!
- Sit down!
To make a negative imperative, put "do not" or "don't" before the verb:
For example:
- Don't go!
- Do not walk on the grass.
You can also use "let's" before the verb if you are including yourself in the imperative. The negative of "let's" is "let's not".
For example:
- Let's stop now.
- Let's have some lunch.
- Let's not argue
- Let's not tell her about it.
Orders
Adults do not usually give each other orders, unless they are in a position of authority. However, adults can give orders to children and to animals. The intonation of an order is important: each word is stressed, and the tone falls at the end of the sentence:
For example:
- Sit down now!
* "Sit", "down" and "now" are all stressed, and the tone falls on "now".
Warnings
You can use the imperative to warn someone of danger. All the words in the warning are stressed, but the last word has a higher tone than the first word:
For example:
- Sit down now!
* "Sit", "down" and "now" are all stressed, and the tone falls on "now". - Watch out!
- Look out!
- Don't cross!
Advice
When you give advice using the imperative, the words are stressed normally.
For example:
- Don't tell him you're resigning now! Wait until Monday when he's in a better mood.
- Don't drink alcohol
- Don't eat heavy meals
Requests
You can also use the imperative to make a request, but you should use a polite word before the verb:
For example:
- Please take a seat.
- Please wait here.
- Please hold the line.
- Please don't smoke here.
Notes:
Note that an imperative sentence does not require a subject; the pronoun "you" is implied.
Degrees of Comparison
are used when we compare one person or one thing with another.
There are three Degrees of Comparison in English.
They are:
1. Positive degree.
2. Comparative degree.
3. Superlative degree.
Let us see all of them one by one.
1.Positive degree.
When we speak about only one person or thing, We use the Positive degree.
Examples:
• This house is big.
In this sentence only one noun “The house” is talked about.
• He is a tall student.
• This flower is beautiful.
• He is an intelligent boy.
Each sentence mentioned above talks about only one noun.
When we compare more than two persons or things with one another,
We use all the three Positive, Comparative and Superlative degrees.
Examples:
There are three Degrees of Comparison in English.
They are:
1. Positive degree.
2. Comparative degree.
3. Superlative degree.
Let us see all of them one by one.
1.Positive degree.
When we speak about only one person or thing, We use the Positive degree.
Examples:
• This house is big.
In this sentence only one noun “The house” is talked about.
• He is a tall student.
• This flower is beautiful.
• He is an intelligent boy.
Each sentence mentioned above talks about only one noun.
The second one in the Degrees of Comparison is...
2.Comparative degree.
When we compare two persons or two things with each other,
We use both the Positive degree and Comparative degree.
Examples:
a. This house is bigger than that one. (Comparative degree)
This house is not as big as that one. (Positive degree)
The term “bigger” is comparative version of the term “big”.
Both these sentences convey the same meaning.
When we compare two persons or two things with each other,
We use both the Positive degree and Comparative degree.
Examples:
a. This house is bigger than that one. (Comparative degree)
This house is not as big as that one. (Positive degree)
The term “bigger” is comparative version of the term “big”.
Both these sentences convey the same meaning.
b. This flower is more beautiful than that. (Comparative)
This flower is not as beautiful as that. (Positive)
The term “more beautiful” is comparative version of the term “beautiful”.
Both these sentences convey the same meaning.
This flower is not as beautiful as that. (Positive)
The term “more beautiful” is comparative version of the term “beautiful”.
Both these sentences convey the same meaning.
c. He is more intelligent than this boy. (Comparative)
He is not as intelligent as this boy. (Positive)
He is not as intelligent as this boy. (Positive)
The term “more intelligent” is comparative version of the term “intelligent”.
Both these sentences convey the same meaning.
Both these sentences convey the same meaning.
d. He is taller than Mr. Hulas. (Comparative)
He is not as tall as Mr. Hulas. (Positive)
He is not as tall as Mr. Hulas. (Positive)
The term “taller” is comparative version of the term “tall”.
Both these sentences convey the same meaning.
Both these sentences convey the same meaning.
When we compare more than two persons or things with one another,
We use all the three Positive, Comparative and Superlative degrees.
Examples:
a. This is the biggest house in this street. (Superlative)
This house is bigger than any other house in this street. (Comparative)
No other house in this street is as big as this one. (Positive)
This house is bigger than any other house in this street. (Comparative)
No other house in this street is as big as this one. (Positive)
The term “biggest” is the superlative version of the term “big”.
All the three sentences mean the same meaning.
All the three sentences mean the same meaning.
b. This flower is the most beautiful one in this garden. (Superlative)
This flower is more beautiful than any other flower in this garden. (Comparative)
No other flower in this garden is as beautiful as this one. (Comparative)
This flower is more beautiful than any other flower in this garden. (Comparative)
No other flower in this garden is as beautiful as this one. (Comparative)
The term “most beautiful” is the superlative version of the term “beautiful”.
All the three sentences mean the same meaning.
c. He is the most intelligent in this class. (Superlative)
He is more intelligent than other boys in the class. (Comparative)
No other boy is as intelligent as this boy. (Positive)
All the three sentences mean the same meaning.
c. He is the most intelligent in this class. (Superlative)
He is more intelligent than other boys in the class. (Comparative)
No other boy is as intelligent as this boy. (Positive)
The term “most intelligent” is superlative version of the term “intelligent”.
Both these sentences convey the same meaning.
Both these sentences convey the same meaning.
d. He is the tallest student in this class. (Superlative)
He is taller than other students in this class. (Comparative)
No other student is as tall as this student. (Positive)
He is taller than other students in this class. (Comparative)
No other student is as tall as this student. (Positive)
The term “tallest” is superlative version of the term “tall”.
*Degrees of Comparison are applicable only to Adjectives and Adverbs*
*Nouns and verbs do not have degrees of comparisons*
He is the tallest student in the class.
The term “tallest” is an adjective.
Among the members of the group, Mr. Clinton speaks most effectively.
The term “tallest” is an adjective.
Among the members of the group, Mr. Clinton speaks most effectively.
The term “effectively” is an adverb.
All the terms used in the above-examples are either adjectives or adverbs.
We have seen all the three Degrees of Comparison.
Let us see their models.
We have seen all the three Degrees of Comparison.
Let us see their models.
Model -1: “The best”:
Examples:
i. This is the best hotel in this area.
Examples:
i. This is the best hotel in this area.
No other hotel is as better as this on in this area.
No other hotel is as good as this one in this area.
ii. Unemployment is the most serious problem facing our country.
Unemployment is more serious than any other problem facing our country.
Unemployment is more serious than any other problem facing our country.
No other problem facing our country is as serious as unemployment.
Model-2: “One of the best”:
Examples:
Examples:
i. Calcutta is one of the largest cities in India.
Calcutta is large than most other cities in India.
Very few cities in India are as large as Calcutta.
Very few cities in India are as large as Calcutta.
ii. Satin Tendulkar is one of the best batsmen in the world.
Satin Tendulkar is better than most other batsmen in the world.
No other batman in the world is as good as Satin Tendulkar.
Model-3: “Not the best”:
Examples:
i. This is not the best solution to the problem.
ii. This is not better than few other solutions to this problem.
iii. Other solutions to this problem are not as good as this one.
Examples:
i. This is not the best solution to the problem.
ii. This is not better than few other solutions to this problem.
iii. Other solutions to this problem are not as good as this one.
ii. New York is not the largest city in America.
New York is not bigger than many other cities in America.
Few other cities in America are at least as large as New York.
New York is not bigger than many other cities in America.
Few other cities in America are at least as large as New York.
Few adjectives and adverbs get their Comparative forms by simply getting “more” before them.
And their superlative terms, by getting “most” before them.
Examples:
And their superlative terms, by getting “most” before them.
Examples:
Beautiful..........more beautiful..........most beautiful
Effective……….more effective………most effective
Effectively………more effectively……….most effectively
Enjoyable………….more enjoyable……….most enjoyable
Useful……………….more useful………..most useful
Different………..more different…………most different
Honest………..more honest…………..most honest
Qualified…………more qualified…………most qualified
Few adjectives and adverbs get their Comparative forms by simply getting “er” after them and their superlative terms, by getting “est” after them.
Examples:
Hard……………..harder……………..hardest
Big……………….bigger…………….biggest
Examples:
Hard……………..harder……………..hardest
Big……………….bigger…………….biggest
Tall……………..taller……………tallest
Long………………longer………………longest
Short……………..shorter……………….shortest
Costly…………………costlier……………costliest
Simple………………….simpler………….simplest
Degrees of Comparison add beauty and varieties to the sentences.
| Comparing the convincing and persuading papers |
Paired papers on an issue| Convincing Aims for readers to agree with your point of view Readers are typically slightly opposed, uninformed, or ambivalent about your point of view at the beginning of your paper. Development will include the key objections opponents would have to your point of view and rebuttal of those objections. | Persuading Aims to move readers to act on the issue Readers are typically still neutral or slightly leaning toward your point of view. (Usually, you will be much less successful convincing an audience of the unequivocally opposed or the uninformed because you have to convince them before you can persuade them. Don't write to the wildly enthusiastic because then you're preaching to the choir.) Development will include appropriate appeals based on your detailed audience analysis as well as some of the logical arguments you use in the convincing paper. |
| Convincing Aims for readers to see the problem as you see it Readers are typically slightly opposed, uninformed, or ambivalent about your view of the problem at the beginning of your paper. Development will include the key objections opponents would have to your view of the problem and rebuttal of those objections as well as your reasons for stating the problem as you do. | PersuadingAims to move readers to act on your proposed solution Readers are willing to accept your statement of the problem but have not yet settled on the best solution as they begin your paper. Development will include · a sketch of the problem (just to set the context) · appropriate appeals based on your detailed audience analysis · logical arguments for your solution · key objections opponents would have to your solution and rebuttal of those objections OR key arguments in favor of alternative solutions and your argument about why your solution is better |
Some crime and punishment topics students have written on in the past
Problem/solution papers (localized for CSU or Larimer County)
campus crime
date rape
binge drinking
underage possession of cigarettes
spousal abuse
Issue papers
hate crime legislation
maintaining penalties under the Endangered Species Act
Obligation and necessity
Main points
* You use `have to', `must', and `mustn't' to talk about obligation and necessity in the present and future.
* You use `had to' to talk about obligation and necessity in the past.
* You use the auxiliary `do' with `have to' to make questions.
* You use `have got to' in informal English.
1 When you want to say that someone has an obligation to do something, or that it is necessary for them to do it, you use `must' or `have to'.
You must come to the meeting tomorrow.
The plants must have plenty of sunshine.
I enjoy parties, unless I have to make a speech.
He has to travel to find work.
2 There is sometimes a difference between `must' and `have to'. When you are stating your own opinion that something is an obligation or a necessity, you normally use `must'.
I must be very careful not to upset him.
We must eat before we go.
He must stop working so hard.
When you are giving information about what someone else considers to be an obligation or a necessity, you normally use `have to'.
They have to pay the bill by Thursday.
She has to go now.
Note that you normally use `have to' for things that happen repeatedly, especially with adverbs of frequency such as `often', `always', and `regularly'.
I always have to do the shopping.
You often have to wait a long time for a bus.
3 You use `must not' or `mustn't' to say that it is important that something is not done or does not happen.
You must not talk about politics.
They mustn't find out that I came here.
Note that `must not' does not mean the same as `not have to'. If you `must not' do something, it is important that you do not do it.
If you `do not have to' do something, it is not necessary for you to do it, but you can do it if you want.
WARNING: You only use `must' for obligation and necessity in the present and the future. When you want to talk about obligation and necessity in the past, you use `had to' rather than `must'.
She had to catch the six o'clock train.
I had to wear a suit.
4 You use `do', `does', or `did' when you want to make a question using `have to' and `not have to'.
How often do you have to buy petrol for the car?
Does he have to take so long to get ready?
What did you have to do?
Don't you have to be there at one o'clock?
WARNING: You do not normally form questions like these by putting a form of `have' before the subject. For example, you do not normally say `How often have you to buy petrol?'
5 In informal English, you can use `have got to' instead of `have to'.
You've just got to make sure you tell him.
She's got to see the doctor.
Have you got to go so soon?
WARNING: You normally use `had to', not `had got to', for the past.
He had to know.
I had to lend him some money.
6 You can only use `have to', not `must', if you are using another modal, or if you want to use an `-ing' form, a past participle, or a `to'-infinitive.
They may have to be paid by cheque.
She grumbled a lot about having to stay abroad.
I would have had to go through London.
He doesn't like to have to do the same job every day.
* You use `need to' to talk about necessity.
* You use `don't have to', `don't need to', `haven't got to', or `needn't' to say that it is not necessary to do something.
* You use `needn't' to give someone permission not to do something.
* You use `need not have', `needn't have', `didn't need to', or `didn't have to' to say that it was not necessary to do something in the past.
7 You can use `need to' to talk about the necessity of doing something.
You might need to see a doctor.
A number of questions need to be asked.
8 You use `don't have to' when there is no obligation or necessity to do something.
Many women don't have to work.
You don't have to learn any new typing skills.
You can also use `don't need to', `haven't got to', or `needn't' to say that there is no obligation or necessity to do something.
You don't need to buy anything.
I haven't got to go to work today.
I can pick John up. You needn't bother.
9 You also use `needn't' when you are giving someone permission not to do something.
You needn't say anything if you don't want to.
You needn't stay any longer tonight.
10 You use `need not have' or `needn't have' and a past participle to say that someone did something which was not necessary. You are often implying that the person did not know at the time that their action was not necessary.
I needn't have waited until the game began.
Nell needn't have worked.
They needn't have worried about Reagan.
11 You use `didn't need to' to say that something was not necessary, and that it was known at the time that the action was not necessary. You do not know if the action was done, unless you are given more information.
They didn't need to talk about it.
I didn't need to worry.
12 You also use `didn't have to' to say that it was not necessary to do something.
He didn't have to speak.
Bill and I didn't have to pay.
13 You cannot use `must' to refer to the past, so when you want to say that it was important that something did not happen or was not done, you use other expressions.
You can say `It was important not to', or use phrases like `had to make sure' or `had to make certain' in a negative sentence.
It was important not to take the game too seriously.
It was necessary that no one was aware of being watched.
You had to make sure that you didn't spend too much.
We had to do our best to make certain that it wasn't out of date.
* You use `have to', `must', and `mustn't' to talk about obligation and necessity in the present and future.
* You use `had to' to talk about obligation and necessity in the past.
* You use the auxiliary `do' with `have to' to make questions.
* You use `have got to' in informal English.
1 When you want to say that someone has an obligation to do something, or that it is necessary for them to do it, you use `must' or `have to'.
You must come to the meeting tomorrow.
The plants must have plenty of sunshine.
I enjoy parties, unless I have to make a speech.
He has to travel to find work.
2 There is sometimes a difference between `must' and `have to'. When you are stating your own opinion that something is an obligation or a necessity, you normally use `must'.
I must be very careful not to upset him.
We must eat before we go.
He must stop working so hard.
When you are giving information about what someone else considers to be an obligation or a necessity, you normally use `have to'.
They have to pay the bill by Thursday.
She has to go now.
Note that you normally use `have to' for things that happen repeatedly, especially with adverbs of frequency such as `often', `always', and `regularly'.
I always have to do the shopping.
You often have to wait a long time for a bus.
3 You use `must not' or `mustn't' to say that it is important that something is not done or does not happen.
You must not talk about politics.
They mustn't find out that I came here.
Note that `must not' does not mean the same as `not have to'. If you `must not' do something, it is important that you do not do it.
If you `do not have to' do something, it is not necessary for you to do it, but you can do it if you want.
WARNING: You only use `must' for obligation and necessity in the present and the future. When you want to talk about obligation and necessity in the past, you use `had to' rather than `must'.
She had to catch the six o'clock train.
I had to wear a suit.
4 You use `do', `does', or `did' when you want to make a question using `have to' and `not have to'.
How often do you have to buy petrol for the car?
Does he have to take so long to get ready?
What did you have to do?
Don't you have to be there at one o'clock?
WARNING: You do not normally form questions like these by putting a form of `have' before the subject. For example, you do not normally say `How often have you to buy petrol?'
5 In informal English, you can use `have got to' instead of `have to'.
You've just got to make sure you tell him.
She's got to see the doctor.
Have you got to go so soon?
WARNING: You normally use `had to', not `had got to', for the past.
He had to know.
I had to lend him some money.
6 You can only use `have to', not `must', if you are using another modal, or if you want to use an `-ing' form, a past participle, or a `to'-infinitive.
They may have to be paid by cheque.
She grumbled a lot about having to stay abroad.
I would have had to go through London.
He doesn't like to have to do the same job every day.
* You use `need to' to talk about necessity.
* You use `don't have to', `don't need to', `haven't got to', or `needn't' to say that it is not necessary to do something.
* You use `needn't' to give someone permission not to do something.
* You use `need not have', `needn't have', `didn't need to', or `didn't have to' to say that it was not necessary to do something in the past.
7 You can use `need to' to talk about the necessity of doing something.
You might need to see a doctor.
A number of questions need to be asked.
8 You use `don't have to' when there is no obligation or necessity to do something.
Many women don't have to work.
You don't have to learn any new typing skills.
You can also use `don't need to', `haven't got to', or `needn't' to say that there is no obligation or necessity to do something.
You don't need to buy anything.
I haven't got to go to work today.
I can pick John up. You needn't bother.
9 You also use `needn't' when you are giving someone permission not to do something.
You needn't say anything if you don't want to.
You needn't stay any longer tonight.
10 You use `need not have' or `needn't have' and a past participle to say that someone did something which was not necessary. You are often implying that the person did not know at the time that their action was not necessary.
I needn't have waited until the game began.
Nell needn't have worked.
They needn't have worried about Reagan.
11 You use `didn't need to' to say that something was not necessary, and that it was known at the time that the action was not necessary. You do not know if the action was done, unless you are given more information.
They didn't need to talk about it.
I didn't need to worry.
12 You also use `didn't have to' to say that it was not necessary to do something.
He didn't have to speak.
Bill and I didn't have to pay.
13 You cannot use `must' to refer to the past, so when you want to say that it was important that something did not happen or was not done, you use other expressions.
You can say `It was important not to', or use phrases like `had to make sure' or `had to make certain' in a negative sentence.
It was important not to take the game too seriously.
It was necessary that no one was aware of being watched.
You had to make sure that you didn't spend too much.
We had to do our best to make certain that it wasn't out of date.
Asking and Giving Suggestion
Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari kita akan menghadapi banyak masalah yang bervariasi. Terkadang kita tidak dapat menyelesaikan masalah kita sendiri sehingga kita membutuhkan saran dari orang lain. Orang Indonesia mudah saja minta saran kepada orang lain dengan bahasa Indonesia. Terus bagaimana di bahasa Inggris?
Dalam bahasa Inggris dikenal asking and giving suggestion. Asking and giving suggestionadalah cara orang untuk mengexpresikan saran dalam bahasa Inggris.
Asking suggestion (meminta saran) adalah cara seseorang menanyakan saran dalam bahasa Inggris ketika mempunyai masalah. Asking suggestion berupa pertanyaan.
Contoh Asking Suggestion:
- Do you have any ideas?
- Can you give me any suggestions to solve my problem?
- What should i do?
- Would you mind giving me any suggestions?
- Would you like to give me any advices?
Giving suggestion (memberi saran) adalah cara seseorang memberikan saran kepada orang lain dalam bahasa Inggris. Giving suggestion biasanya berupa kalimat.
Contoh giving suggestion:
- I suggest you to + verb 1 (I suggest you to go to doctor.)
- I advice you to + verb 1 (I advice you to breakfast before going to school.)
- You should + verb 1 (You should download greenday song.)
A: I have a task from my teacher. I must search a song in English. Do you have any ideas?
B: It's okay. Let search in internet.
A: I know, but what song must download?
B: Greenday song in DOS album. That must be great.
A: That's a good idea. Thanks for your advice.
B: Never mind.
A – Data bank of words and patterns
- 1 – a/ it enables / allows me/ the user/ the system to + V b/ it makes it possible to + V c/ it provides (something) d/ it provides me / the user / the system with ( something) e/ it ensures ( something).; it ensures that + subject + verb
Examples:
a/ the three-speed motor of the windscreen wipers allows / enables the driver to adjust the speed to the intensity of the rain
b/ the three-speed motor of the windscreen wipers makes it possible to adjust the speed…
c/ rear and side mirrors provide rear views of the traffic
d/ rear and side mirrors provide the driver with views of the traffic behind him
e/The radiator ensures efficient cooling of the engine; it ensures that the engine is efficiently cooled down
2 – It is meant to + V – it is used for + V-ING – the purpose of X is to + V
Examples: headlights are meant to produce enough light to be able to see the road at night – headlights are used for producing enough light … - the purpose of headlights is to produce enough light…
3 a/ First; next; after that; at this stage; later; finally b/ when, after, before + V-ING
c/ when, after, before, once + I / the user / the system does
Examples:
b/ after detecting the fault, you (will) call the maintenance team.- before calling the maintenance team you should try to detect the fault yourself.
c/ after you detect the fault, you ( will) call the maintenance team – before you call the maintenance team you should try to detect the fault yourself.
4 – by means of + noun– thanks to + noun – through – by +V-ING
Examples:
Accurate measurements with a reading n accuracy of 0.01mm can be made by means of a micrometer calliper - accurate measurements of external diameter and of thickness can be achieved by using a micrometer calliper.
5 – Use of passive. (This avoids mentioning WHO does the action when such information is not necessary.)
Examples:
We can treat thermoplastics several times >>> thermoplasticscan be treated several times.
IN order to solder a transistor into a printed circuit board, the technician heats and applies solder to both leads, then he allows the soldered joints to cool >>> In order to solder a transistor into a printed circuit board, solder is heated and applied to both leads, then the soldered joints are allowed to cool.
B – Exercises
- 1 – Express use and means
a/ Read this text about barometers and pick up all the phrases that you have just studied.
A barometer is a device that allows the user to estimate what the weather will be. But in fact, it is used for measuring atmospheric pressure: a metal capsule containing air at low pressure is squeezed by an increase in outside pressure. The movements of the movable side of the capsule are registered by means of a spring that keeps an arm pressed against the capsule so that the arm can register a rise or fall in pressure and show it by moving on a dial.
b/ Do the same to speak about a modem ; a scanner; a car battery. Use patterns A1, A2 and A4.
2 – How to start your car.
a/ Re-order the various steps
- turn the ignition key;
- engage the first gear;
- look in the mirror;
- accelerate slowly;
- check that the gear lever is in neutral position;
- declutch (= débrayez)
- flash the indicator;
- engage the clutch (embrayez)
b/ Use pattern A3 to connect the sentences into a coherent set.
3 – Use of passive
Explain what has to be done to disengage the two panels.(Use the passive)
Express the various steps of this industrial process using the phrases and patterns studied in A.
WEIGHING
TRANSPORT (conveyor belt)
INITIAL CLEANING (to remove wood / stones / pebbles / metal)
STORAGE (20 silos each containing 20 tons)
BLENDING (selection of coffees to make different products)
ROASTING (11 minbutes French roast, 14 minutes Italian roast)
COOLING (cold air vlown through coffee)
WEIGHING (16% volume most during roasting)
FINAL CLEANING and STORAGE
QUALITY CONTROL (colour, humidity, volume)
GRINDING (1h30 for 2.5 tons of coffee for expresso – very fine; 1 hour for filter coffee)
REMOVAL OF GAS (carbon gas released during roasting)
PACKAGING (7 lines for 250g packets, line for individual sachets)
HESSER 34 MACHINE - > Packet shaping
Source: placement report ( June 1999) of Raphaël Lucas - TS2 MAI student in Dieppe.
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